So finally, in part three of Robert (aka Urban Pollution Hunter) Hellawell's sewage trilogy we find out about misconnections and how they are a danger for our river. But first we explore separate sewer systems. Read on............

Separate Sewer Systems are a development of combined sewer systems. With the rapid expansion of our town and cities it was realised that the combined sewers built in Victorian times would soon struggle to cope with this growth. It was decided that removing rainwater from the combined sewers would help. This would reduce the number of spills from CSOs into our rivers when it rains. Essentially, all post-war housing in the UK has 2 separate sewers, one for the foul waste from toilets baths, sinks etc., and a separate sewer just for the run-off from rooves and road gullies when it rains. The foul sewer joins into the combined sewer and is transported to the wastewater treatment works for cleaning treatment before being returned to the river. The surface water sewer transports the rainwater directly to the nearest river or beck without any treatment. ​

Misconnections into surface water drains are all too commonplace. Having two sewer systems means that mistakes can be made where toilets, sinks and baths are plumbed into the surface water drain in separate sewer areas. The effluent from these misconnections flows straight into the nearest river or beck and causes low grade, diffuse pollution.  ​

New extensions of kitchens and bathrooms are often connected into the wrong sewer by unscrupulous or uninformed tradesmen. This causes avoidable pollution of our watercourses that is both difficult to trace and expensive to repair. If you are having work done, ask your plumber if he is “Water Safe” accredited and understands the risk of pollution from misconnections. ​

Are you Misconnected? We can all check to see if we are polluting our rivers from our own homes. Firstly, we need to figure out if our home is served by a separate sewer system or not. If your home was built after the second world war, then it is likely that you are on a separate sewer system. If you are on a separate sewer system, there will be two drainpipes connected to your home. One will take the rainwater from your roof, the other will take the foul effluent from toilets baths and sinks. There should be no connections from sinks, baths or toilets into the drainpipe that takes the rainwater from your roof. The ConnectRight website is extremely helpful in finding out if you are misconnected and to find a local plumber who is “Water Safe” accredited. ​

Not all misconnections are from extensions and alterations. There have been multiple instances of new build houses being connected into the surface water sewer by the developers! One such development which has recently been traced and rectified on Bradford Beck dated back 25 years. Other similar instances are much newer and are a source of acute embarrassment for the authorities who have passed off new build houses without checking where the effluent ended up. ​

Not all misconnections are new. With our rich, industrial heritage being increasingly recognised, vacant, old industrial buildings are being repurposed. Many old buildings date from a time before there was any local sewage treatment. Marley wastewater treatment works, which processes the sewage from Keighley, was not constructed until the early 1900s. Before this time, all effluent was simply piped straight into the nearest river. Redevelopments of old buildings sometimes use existing drains not knowing that they take the sewage straight to the river just as they did in the old days! ​

redeveloped former mill.) 
Only rain down the drain please! In separate sewer areas, the gullies that drain our roads lead straight into the river. This means that when you wash your car on your drive, or the road, wash paint brushes out, or swill wastewater down the drain, this will all end up in the nearest river or beck. Please be mindful of what you are disposing of down the drains as there is a chance that you are polluting our river. ​

You can help by becoming a pollution spotter. If you value spending time by the river, then remember to always keep an eye out for any pollution. All the plants and aquatic insects and the fish, birds and mammals that rely on them as food, all require clean, unpolluted water to thrive. If you see pollution to our rivers and becks, then take pictures if you can, share with the River Worth Friends (contact us here) and always report pollution incidents to the Environment Agency on their free hotline 0800 80 70 60. Together we can make a difference caring for and protecting our rivers. ​

In part two of Robert Hellawell's blog about Pollution on the Worth he talks about Combined Sewage Outflows which have been much in the news lately. He also touches on the issue of sewage litter which is major problem on the Worth.

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As discussed previously, we have two types of sewer systems in the UK, combined sewer systems and separate sewer systems. Here we look at how sewage can get into our rivers from combined sewer systems. ​

Combined Sewer Systems are designed to discharge sewage from Combined Sewer Overflows or CSOs as they are often referred to. They act as a safety valve, releasing storm water containing sewage into our rivers in times of rain. They are only allowed to discharge in this way when the volume of flow in the combined sewer reaches an agreed rate. This is usually during, or following, heavy rainfall. The precise details are given in the Discharge Consent Permit issued by the Environment Agency (EA) for each CSO. All Discharge Consent Permits are held by the EA and can be obtained free of charge by the public. ​

Pollution is said to occur when a CSO discharges outside the agreed limits of its permit. In this case, it will discharge well before the permitted, sewer flow rates in the discharge consent permit. So, if it is not raining now, and it has also been dry for a few hours, then there should be no sewage escaping from any CSO. Sewage escapes from CSOs in dry weather mean that there is a problem in the sewer system. Discharges from CSOs during dry weather conditions is considered to be pollution by the EA. ​

The sewage discharges which have made the news recently are largely from CSOs that serve as overflows to Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW). Here the concentration and sheer volume of sewage discharged can have a detrimental impact on the health of our rivers. An unsightly aspect of CSOs is the substantial amounts of sewage litter which they discharge into our rivers. Much of this is plastic based such as wet wipes, nappies and other sanitary products, adding to our growing problem of plastic pollution in our seas. It is a sobering thought that anything which we flush down the toilet has a chance of ending up in your nearest beck or river. Sewage litter caught along the banks of our rivers is evidence of CSO discharges nearby. ​

Only the “Three Ps” should be flushed down your toilet! These are pee, poo and paper. Sadly, not everyone follows this guidance, and everyday all kinds of debris are flushed down our toilets that can lead to blockages in sewers. Pollution of our rivers can then follow as the CSO upstream of the blockage does its job and discharges sewage into the river instead of that sewage backing up and spilling out in our homes and streets.  ​

You can find out if you have a CSO, or other permitted discharge, near you by looking on the Rivers Trust sewage map which can be found on the Rivers Trust website. 
https://www.theriverstrust.org/key-issues/sewage-in-rivers 
 
In the next instalment we will look at pollution to our rivers from separate sewer systems and finally learn what a misconnection is. ​

We are pleased to have Robert Hellawell write a series of blogs about how pollution could enter the River Worth. Robert, aka Urban Pollution Hunter on Facebook, works for the Aire Rivers Trust monitoring pollution on the Aire and it's catchment, so he is well placed to tell us about how rivers get polluted. He starts by explaining how the sewage system works, or doesn't work, and the two types of system  used. Finally he will talk about the problem of misconnections, but you might have to wait for part three for that!

Sewage pollution of our rivers has been in the headlines in recent months. The concern has been all about untreated, sewage escapes from wastewater treatment plants. However, there can be many other, smaller pollution sources affecting our rivers that often go unnoticed; I am talking about misconnections. Misconnections are one of the main contributors to what is known as diffuse pollution, particularly in built up, urban environments. Diffuse pollution is that which has no obvious single source. The increasing effects of numerous, misconnections can have a detrimental impact on urban rivers whilst remaining unnoticed.
There has always been pollution of our rivers. Many settlements have grown up around a river or beck. Clean, fresh water is vital for life, but flowing water also provides a readymade way of disposing of our waste. Ever since humans have settled by rivers, we have polluted them! It was the Victorians who built our first sewers. To understand misconnections, first we must understand how our sewers work.
We have two types of sewer systems in the UK. Sewers built before the 1930s are known as combined sewers. Sewers built after the 19030s are known as separate sewers. Each has their own different pollution problems.

Combined sewers take the foul sewage from our toilets, sinks and baths combined with rainwater run-off from roofs and roads and convey the whole lot to the wastewater treatment works (WWTW) where all the effluent is treated and cleaned before being returned to the river. In industrial areas, this may also include wastewater from industrial processes. However, in times of heavy rain, the combined sewer can become overloaded. In this case, our Victorian ancestors thoughtfully included a safety valve to stop sewage bubbling up in our streets and homes.

​Separate Sewers were later introduced to try and minimise the frequency of CSO spills into the river. In this case, the foul sewage is separated from the rainwater. The rainwater from rooves and roads is directed via a separate, surface water sewer directly into the nearest watercourse without any form of treatment. The foul sewage from toilets, sinks, baths etc. Is conveyed by a separate, foul sewer to the existing, combined sewer where it passes to the WWTW, as before, for treatment.

​In part two we will look in more detail at how the different sewage systems can cause pollution issues in our rivers and what constitutes a misconnection.

We often bang on about how beautiful the Worth can be , perhaps no more so than in autumn. So here are some photographs from RWF member John Tickner. They show the river looking good in its autumn colours and also perhaps not so good. We are hopefully working towards a time when John won't be able to take any of the not so good shots.

​Enjoy.

North Beck in Holme House Wood.

Bridgehouse Beck at Oxenhope.

 North Beck in Holme House Wood again.

North Beck meets River Worth below near Morrisons.

Nice balanced shot from John, the natural colours of the sycamore on the right contrast with the colourful river debris on the left! Taken near Pitt Street.

River Worth at Lord Bridge.

Vale Mill on the Worth.

The autumnal leaves look nice floating in the background. Actually they are on a thick film of oil which is leaking into a goit that runs into the Worth near Marriners Walk. We have been applying pressure to the powers that be over this for over eighteen months but without much success.

The river Worth is a green corridor running through the centre of Keighley. As such it could be a valuable natural resource and amenity which could improve the wellbeing of the people. Most weeks RWF volunteers are out working to improve the river as an environment for both wildlife and the people in and around Keighley. However sometimes it can seem that we have bitten off more than we can chew.

​For instance, back on July 2nd we worked with the Aire Rivers Trust to clean up the stretch of North Beck which runs from Morrisons car park to Heber Street. On that day we removed 46 bags of rubbish from the river and its surrounds. However, we recently noticed that the rubbish was again building up, with even some full bags hanging in the trees, so we returned last week and removed a further 23 bags and also some lengths of steel fencing that had been thrown in from the adjacent site. We had also been there back in December last year. All together we have taken 81 bags of rubbish from the area.

​Another location that we keep revisiting is Kinara Close, down to where the Worth joins the Aire. In the last year we have been there nine times and removed over 100 bags of rubbish plus six children’s bikes, a pram, two shopping trolleys, some plastic chairs, carpets and much more. Some of this will not necessarily have been thrown in by people on Kinara Close but washed down from higher up stream. So you can see that we have taken on a rather Sisyphean task (look it up!) Especially when you bear in mind that we have only four active volunteers.

​We often get positive comments about our work from passers-by and when we post about our activities on Facebook we always get lots of likes and positive comments, 58 likes and 15 comments on our last session, but that is as far as it goes. There can be a tendency to feel that simply offering support on social media is good enough, no need to actually take positive action. It would be fantastic if some of our social media supporters could get out on the river with us, with a bigger volunteer base we could really make a difference. It can be the case that rubbish begets rubbish, we are trying to break that cycle. So, if you want to have a part in making Keighley a better place, let us know.
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 ​In the last blog we mentioned a couple of invasive species, mink and signal crayfish, in this blog we will look at another, Himalayan balsam (HB). 
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​There are two main problems with HB:

• The plants are very prolific and fast growing so they smother any native species growing nearby thus impacting plant diversity. There are areas along the Worth where Himalayan balsam is the only plant growing. This not only impacts plant diversity it limits it more generally as removing the native plant species means that native insects that rely on those species will also not be present, for instance butterflies, that are often plant specific. It is said that bio-diversity is reduced by 25% when Himalayan balsam dominates.
• The root system of HB is very shallow, this means that in the winter, when the plant has died off and the river floods the bank can be susceptible to erosion. This is a considerable problem on the Aire. 

It’s no good just bashing it in Keighley because every plant higher up the river can produce up to 800 seeds which can float down stream to re-colonise the cleared area. ​

​The problem is that this strategy requires considerable organisation and a lot of people to work persistently over many years (seeds can remain dormant in the soil for up to three years), resources that RWF do not have. So we are wondering if the war on Himalayan balsam on the Worth may have been lost.

We have been thinking about otters recently.

Otters are quite difficult to spot, they are very furtive  and not usually out and about during the day, their active time is between dusk and dawn. So the presence of otters is often established by what they leave behind rather than seeing the animal itself, what they leave behind are faeces and foot prints.

​A couple of weeks ago we thought we had found what may be the decomposed body of an otter near Kinara Close, it had been in the river a while and was pretty disgusting! On further examination it turned out to be a goat’s skin!

​So two recent disappointments. Then RWF member, John Tickner, who likes nosing around the nooks and crannies of the river, spotted these prints under Vale Mill at Oakworth. The first ones we think are rat (small and pointy) or possibly mink, but the other two look very much like otter, they are bigger, otters prints are about 2” across, and show five toes.

​So we think that otters are present on the Worth. However it is unlikely that they are resident here, more likely they pay us regular visits from their resident territory on the River Aire. 

​Why are RWF so obsessed with otters? I hear you ask! Well otters were present in many rivers in the British Isles until they went into a steep decline in the latter half of the twentieth century, mainly due to the use of organochlorine pesticides in agriculture which polluted the rivers and got into the otter’s  food chain. With the outlawing of these pesticides in the early 1990’s and also the ban on hunting in 19768 otters have made an astonishing comeback, we would like to think that the River worth could be part of the comeback of this iconic species.
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We know  there are advantages and disadvantages to the return of the otter and can now almost hear the cries of outrage from some in the angling community who think the otters are stealing “their fish”.

          are able to pursue the poor water vole into it’s burrow.

• Other research has shown that the presence of top predators such as otters has a beneficial effect on the whole ecosystem.

​The only disadvantage is that otters do like to eat fish, which can upset some anglers. Seeing some posts on social media it seems that to many anglers the only good otter is a dead otter. We at RWF think the argument is a bit more nuanced than that. A recent study has found that the majority of the otter's diet consists of smaller fish such as minnows, bull heads and stone loach. This does not mean that otters do not take larger fish but that they are not likely to be stripping a river of it’s large fish such as barbel as anglers claim. This article from Martin Salter of the Angling Trust makes just this argument.
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​may have to accept that this will not be a commonplace in an environment shared with a top predator.

​It could be that if anglers lower their sights a little they may not have such stupendous catches but they will see they are sharing the river with a magnificent beast. 

In last week's blog we heard from Sue Patchett why she is a regular litter picker, in this one we hear from her side kicks John Tickner and Chris Tribe.

​rubbish that gets dumped, but it's rewarding to be able to stand back afterwards and admire a cleaned up stretch of riverbank.  We live in hope that seeing a cleaner river will encourage more folk to appreciate it and treat it with respect."

Finally why does Chris Tribe do it:

"My interest in the river came about because as a fly fisherman I fish it regularly and I was impressed at how the river in Keighley is a corridor of nature running through an otherwise urban landscape. I regularly see Dippers, Wagtails, Kingfishers and other wildlife and of course the Brown Trout and Grayling are beautiful. So I’m proud of the Worth but the litter, business debris and fly tipping along it’s banks sometimes make it look like a rubbish tip. I think the river and the people of Keighley deserve more. That’s one reason I turn out regularly to litter pick".

​If you would like to be part of making the river and Keighley a better place please contact River Worth Friends

​Litter picking seems to be flavour of the month at the moment, everyone seems to be at it! There may be a number of reasons for this, one may be that during the lockdown people got out walking, this meant that the litter was more evident to them, it’s easy to drive by rubbish without thinking about it but when you are walking through it it’s a different matter.  There may also be some political reasons for it’s popularity. We at RWF have been litter picking  for a while so we thought it might be interesting to hear from some of our regular pickers why they turn out every week.
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First up is Litter Picker-in-Chief Sue Patchett:

​"​I’ve always had an interest in wildlife and nature and over the years have started to try and do my bit to help with conservation issues. Things seem to have snowballed and I’m now a bit of an eco-warrior involved with so many different things. I caught the litter picking bug when I joined Friends of Park Wood, it was always satisfying to have a work party and leave the wood looking in the natural state it should be. No-one wants to go for a wander around a pretty woodland and see other peoples’ litter everywhere, it’s depressing and some litter can also be a hazard to wildlife so it’s best it isn’t sprawled around our countryside. Also litter picking is a bit like toad patrolling, it’s addictive. I’ve been toad patrolling for 17 years and run Riddlesden Toad Patrol. When you’ve been at it a long time your eyes are trained to spot toads at a distance and once you get into litter picking the same thing happens, you tend to notice all the litter that’s around and then feel an urge to do something about it. I’ve litter picked with many groups and have run plenty of my own community litter picks including getting the toad patrollers out! It is good to see other people have community pride and join in and also by having community litter picks it encourages people to join who wouldn’t have considered going out alone to do it".
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​as I knew he was keen on the river. This is how the litter picking aspect of River Worth Friends blossomed, we ended up doing weekly litter picks along the river and eventually when other people saw what we were doing they wanted to join the party and everything gained momentum". 

​impact in the sea and sealife can be dying and suffering needlessly. I might not be able to save the planet but I like to pitch in and try and help. A weekly river clean up isn’t much hassle and when there’s a team of you out a lot can be achieved. Teamwork makes the dream work!"

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​In the next blog we will hear from Sue's lieutenants  John Tickner and Chris tribe.

Earlier this month River Worth Friends and the Aire Rivers Trust electro-fished parts of the River Worth to survey the fish populations in the river. We were surveying to try to get an idea of where fish are distributed and how the many weirs affect the population. Once we have a better understanding of this we would like to remove or adjust some weirs to enable easier fish migration.
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​The survey was led by Professor Jon Grey of the Wild Trout Trust and Lancaster University who has much experience with electro-fishing and assessing fish populations.
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​Electro-fishing involves passing an electric current through the water which momentarily stuns the fish, making it possible to net them. You have to be quick with the net as they recover quite quickly. We surveyed five stretches, each about 50 metres long, and passed through those stretches  three times so theoretically we should get fewer fish with each pass. The procedure is that Jon uses a battery pack and electrode rod to create the current, sweeping from side to side across the river. Two assistants then catch any fish that emerge and place them in a bucket carried by a third assistant. After three passes the fish are counted and measured before being released back into the river unharmed. One of the tricks with this is to not put your hands in the water whilst Jon has his finger on the button!
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​We found six different species of fish during the survey, our main interest was in the two larger species we know are present from anglers reports, brown trout and grayling. We did find brown trout but not a single grayling, which is a bit of a mystery. The other species were bullhead, stone loach, brook lamprey (see our previous blog on these interesting fish), minnow and the odd three-spined stickleback.
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​We sampled sites from close to the confluence with the Aire near Kinara Close up to Damems. The distribution of brown trout was interesting with much better numbers downstream of the lowest weir (which we call Malcolm’s weir - above the A650 overpass) and in the better habitat upstream at Damems. In between all the weirs, there were relatively few. . This pattern was also apparent for bullhead, which has similar requirements for habitat and water quality as trout. Minnow and stone loach appeared affected by the weirs; their numbers were restricted to the sites downstream. Stickleback probably came in from the mill goit at Marriners Rd.
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​Prof. Grey is still analysing the results but we are hoping they will help us in planning our future work on the river. It appears that the weirs are having an impact on fish populations, hindering them from colonising from the Aire. However, the picture is complicated – it appears that there are well-established populations of resident trout and bullhead above the weirs which are more likely responsible for the fish that we caught in between the weirs  We have some funding which we would like to use to make at least one of the weirs passable for fish, this would assist fish migration for breeding purposes, for feeding, and to recolonise following pollution or heavy flood events.

River Worth Friends have various conservation activities aimed at improving the river habitat, if you would like to get involved please contact us, we would be pleased to hear from you.
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